Introduction
Background
Globalisation
era requires us to master English language, because English is an International
language that is used by many people in the world to communicate each other. In
case, English is the language which is need in every field such as in
economics, politics, social life and education. English can be
taught at elementary school when it is consider necessary by the society on an
area. It is can be done if supported by the teacher that has competence to
teach this subject.
Teaching English in school prioritizes the four skills are
able to be mastered by their students; they are listening, speaking, reading
and writing in very simple forms. To support those skills, students have to
acquire vocabularies as much as possible. Vocabulary is important for them to
understand every single word to be written or spoken. Students often being confused
about what they want to say and write because of they can not memorize
vocabulary well. If students mastering vocabulary well in Elemantary School, It
exactly will be give a good effect for them to the next steps or study English
in higher level school.
According
Kasbullah (1993:4), an English class is conducted in interesting and varied
ways and students feel that they are studying a meaningful and useful; they can
respective high motivation to study English. In addition, from many methodes
that can be applied in teaching vocabulary, there is an interesting media to
motivate students in mastering vocabulary, it is through Flash Cards. Flash
cards as media can be helpful and easy to make. The used of flash cards will be
saving time when the teacher will not write on the board and it will interest
the students, especially in vocabulary. The method of
learning through flash-cards / picture is a powerful method applied
to elementary students; it will
be useful because students will better understand the context of phrases that they will be talked.
Previous study conducted in SDN
Karangan 1 Bareng in academic year 2010/2011 that has been done by Soedjiwo
Tedjo. In general there is some differences between this reaserch and his
research, there are: First, The research that conducted by Soedjiwo included in
5 grades, while this research will be implement in 4 grades because I am as
researcher think that almost all schools in Indonesia started implementing
learning English in grade 3 or 4. So, we need to planting early vocabulary in
grade 4 because when they enter Grade 5, they've trained with words commonly
used in everydays’ life. Second, the scope was used in Soedjiwo research
focused on classroom learning while researcher going to do later involve
classroom and learning outside the classroom depending on the situation and
conditions. It necessery conducted the quantitative method with true experiment
research.
The
important thing of this research, It will help
students to improve their vocabulary so that students
are able to apply it in the learning process. In this case the
students will be guided to be able to remember every
word, according to the circumstances
and conditions in which the student resides. Beside it, this research
will be found out the effectiveness of using flash cards in mastering
vocabulary.
Research Question
Based
on the illustration above it will be interest to examine “Can flashcards is
able to improve students’ vocabulary?”
Hypotesis
It
certain that flashcards is able to improve students’ vocabulary.
Research Objective
Researcher maintains the purpose of this study
as follows:
1. To
know whether the flashcards used in studying English vocabulary
2. To
find out the effectiveness of using flashcards in fourth grade
Significanses
The
result of this research will be useful for students to improve their vocabulary
in a best strategy. Beside it, teacher will be used this research as a guide to
improve their performance in teaching vocabulary, and finally school can be
addapted this research to applying active, creative and interesting teaching
learning.
Delimitation
In
this research, I am as researcher will give delimitation in teaching vocabulary
using flashcards especially in ‘noun and verb’.
Literature review
Vocabulary
is important to teach, in case teachers must try to find the most effective way
to teach it. So, this part will be discusses about : The important of teaching
vocabulary, strategies to built students’ vocabulary, the effectiveness of
using flashcards in mastering vocabulary, and the roles of picture in learning
process.
The important of teaching
vocabulary in grade fourth
Language
has a central role in the development of intellectual, social, and emotional of
learners to support a succes studying in all fields of study. English must
implement in students from early because they must use words in process of
learning. The importance of teaching vocabulary is in line with statements from
some experts: Edward (1997) stated that Vocabulary is one of the important
factors in all language teaching, student must continually to be learning words
as they learn structure and as they practice sound system. It certain that
vocabulary should be the first step in teaching English, because when someone
has been mastering vocabulary, he will be construct sentences pronounce
correctly.
Syamsu
Yusuf (2002:119) revealed that the childs’ language are required to master the
four basic tasks of language development, namely the development of vocabulary,
stringing word, pronounciation, and language skills that include reading,
writing, speaking, and listening. In this era, almost all schools in Indonesia
started implementing learning Engish in grade 3 or 4. Although in other area
they implement in grade 2, it has been happened because teacher realize that is
important to teach English from early.
Strategies to build students’
vocabulary
School has some sort of language subject either
Indonesian or foreign language that must be taught in order to develop one’s
communicate ability both written and verbal. Leny (2006) stated that English
teacher has to be able to organize teaching and learning activities; they have
to give material by using a suitable technique and master the lesson
effectively. Especially, in learning vocabulary teacher must make the students
able to memorize such word in English language & group of new word. Vocabulary-building techniques benefit all learners, but
have been shown to be critical for learners with limited personal experience.
According Rahayu & Suprajitno (2011) based on their interview in SDN 2
Gresik. They got information that teacher just applying speech methode in
English learning and used the textbook as their source. Finally, students
consider that English is a bore subject and students losing their motivation to
learn English.
Nancy Hall (2006) has been though
about the importance to create strategy to built students’ vocabulary. She
stated that students who receive good strategy training in vocabulary
development can apply these strategies in a wide variety of life-long
situations including job-related training, acquiring knowledge associated with
their interests and hobbies, and in preparing for post-secondary education. Her
resource makes a valuable contribution to a needed, but frequently neglected
area. So, we should realize that this problem have to be get a big attention
from educators because students have different background and not at all of
them are interested in learning English. In this case, teacher should do a
technique and tacticts to teaching learning effectively.
The effectiveness of using
flashcards in learning
In
teaching vocabulary, teacher must be prepared a good strategy and a great media
because media as a source of learning is an alternative to optimize the
leaarning process. Hamalik (1986) revealed that the use of instructional media
in teaching and learning is the desire to generate new interest, motivation,
and stimulation learning activities, and even bring the psychological effect on
students. Implementing a media strategy and better learning is expected to
generate the interest and motivation of learners in the form methodes and
approaches through media tools. The one tool that easy to use in teaching
vocabulary is picture in formed by flashcards. The use of picture are more
efficient and practice than words, it is easy to recall and to remember than
words. It has been explained by Vernon,
S.Gerlach and Donald p.Elly (1980) that picture may not only be worth a
thousand miles. Through pictures learners can be shown people, places, and
things, from area far outside their own experiences. Picture can represent
thing from ancient times or potray the future.
Picture
can be form such: wall charts, commercially-produced flashcards, hand drawn
picture, and also illustration from course book and supplementary books. In
this time, researcher attracted to implement flashcards because flascards is
easy to get because it so commmercial in market. In learning process teacher
would put a flashcards of the inventory class, or outside the class. Automatically,
those students will be interested to read and record this information from each
image in their memory. It would be meaningful again when these images are put
around the place like canteen, laboratories, and public places. So, teacher can
be guide students to find other information in outside class, and it will be
pull students attention. In case, teacher will be applying creative and
innovative learning process.
The roles of picture in learning
process
In
a row with the effective of using picture formed flashcards above, Leny (2006)
stated about five roles of pictures: a)Picture can motivate the students and
make them want to pay attention, and take a part in learning process, b)Picture
contribute to the context in which the language is being used and students can
bring the world into the classroom, c)Picture can be describe an objective way
or interpreted and responded to subjectively, d)Picture can cue responses to
question or cue substitutions through control practice, and e)Picture can
stimulate and provide information to be reffered to in conversation. Leny also
emphasize the kinds and numbers of pictures that the teacher should take, carry
out the activities in class can be taken from magazines, articles or others and
should be interactive and interesting to control the students.
Methodology
of research
Methodology
of research is
very important to find answers
that can be justified scientifically. In
this part researcher will be disscusses about: Method, setting, population and sample,
data collection covered instrument & procedure, data analysis, validity and
reliability.
Method
Method is an important thing to do by a researcher. Research
plays an important role in helping people to acquire new knowledge in solving
problems. In this research, a researcher may have a technique, or a different
approach to another researcher. As long as most of researcher considered that
quantitative methods is accurate. This method was originally performed in the
study of the natural sciences, followed by the social sciences. This method
uses the tools or instruments to measure specific symptoms and quantitative
data were processed statistically.
In
this research, I am as researcher will be used experimental class by using
quantitative approch. According to Nursyahidah (2007), “Experimental
research is research which
conducted to determine the effect of a treatment
in the research subjects.” Quantitative research requires
a hypothesis and
testing, which will determine in the next stages. In experimental approach there are three
kinds, they are pre experiment, quasi experiment and true experiment. In this
time researcher will use pre experiment as my escort.
The one kind of the preexperimental
study that wills researcher use in this research is one shot-case study. According
to Nursyahidah (2007) it
called pre experiments because the design is not a real design. It still has
external variables that also affected in formation of the dependent variable.
The experimental result which is the dependent variable was not solely
influenced by the independent variables. There is no control variable and the
sample was not chosen randomly. This study
is intended to demonstrate the power of
measurement and scientific value of a research design. By using this
methode I want to know whether flashcards in teaching vocabulary can improve
students’ ability in mastering vocabulary or not.
Setting
This
research will be implemented in the students of SDN 43 Kec. Hulonthalangi. SDN
43 Kec. Hulonthalangi is one of school in Gorontalo that have a strategy
location and full of activity teaching learning process. This school has six
grades that consist in two class of each grade, there are class A and B,
meaning there are twelve classes on this school. This school has a science lab which is also often used in
teaching and learning in other subjects. In addition, there is also a library
that suppored to be used for language learning facilities. This school is one
of the schools that most in demand by many people, as evidenced by the number
of students in each level. The number of students in grade 1 at 65 students,
grade 2-67 students, grade 3-58 students, grade 4-60 students, grade 5-60
students, and grade 6-60 students. So, all students in this school are 370
students, with the number of male students 160 and female 210 students. In
other hand, the
school has
45 teachers
and only
has
two
English language
teachers.
So that
I
felt they need an
intensive
learning
for fear the
lack of
teachers that are not
able to control the
students
with a large count. Based on it researcher attracted to
choose this location because my object on this research is students.
Population and Sample
Population
The word
population (population / universe) in statistics refers to
a collection of individuals with distinctive characteristics of concern in the study
(observation). Population in statistics is not limited to a group of people, but also
animals or anything that concerns us. According Margono (2010:118), "The
population is all data we are concerned with a scope and the time that
we set." Meanwhile, according to Sukmadinata (2011:250) suggests that the population is
"large groups and regions
into the scope of
our inquiry. The population of this research is the students of SDN 43
Kec.Hulonthalangi, especially, in fourth grade student that consist of 60
students. In this case, there are 21 male students and 39 female students in
fourth grade. Researcher choose fourth grade to be the population, because the
scope of this research will meassure vocabulary usage in fourth grade.
Sample
Margono (2010:121) suggests that the sample was "part
of the population. Similarly, Sudjana (2005:6) suggests that the sample was
"partly drawn from the population". According to some expert opinion
writer can conclude that the sample is the most part of the population is
taken. The
sample of this research is one class of fourth grade student. That is class 4A
which consist of 30 students. Researcher chooses one class as the sample because
it is match with pre experimental (one-shot case study) methode. In case, there is no control
variable and the sample was not chosen randomly. So, this treatement just will
treat in a grup that is class 4A with consists in 9 male students and 21 female
students. I am researcher choose class A as my sample because they have low
ability in English, meaning this treatement is expected to attract their
interest in learning process.
Data Collection
Instrumentation
In
this research, researcher will use two instrument, they are an observation
to examine who will be the participant, and as the first data to see the extent of students'
skills in previous tests. And
also test to measure how much
students' understanding and memorization of noun & verb are presented
in the form of flashcards and how much interest
students in learning through flashcards.
Observation
Observation
can be interpreted as a narrow activity, namely
attention to something by using the sense of sight. In the psychological
sense, observation includes activities focusing on one object by using
all five senses. In
sense, that observational studies can be done with the
test, questionnaire, and amber
or sound recordings. According Arikunto observation
contains a list
of the types of activities that may
arise and will be observed. In
the process observer just give marks or tally in a particular field,
or also called the
sign system.
In this research,
researcher will be doing an observation before
starting the learning process. It
aims to see whether the object would researcher thoroughly is qualified to do the
treatement. Furthermore, this observation also going to do to English teacher in classroom 4A, to obtain data on students'
work before. Remembered, in this study researcher do not give a pre-test
so that I need to observe in the first
as the initial observation.
The activity can be use sign system (check-list) and also direct observation.
Test
According to Arikunto, test
is a series of questions
or exercises and other tools that
are used to measure the skills, knowledge intelligence,
ability or talent possessed by the
individual groups. In the use of test method, Researcher
is able to use the instrument in
the form of tests or test
questions. It is consists of many
test items, each to measure a type of variable.
In the design which
researcher use, the test only given after treatement because one
shot case study also
said post-test only.
When viewed from several types of tests, researcher
will use the research achievement test; it
is used to measure the achievement of a person after learning something, or this test is given to
measure whether there were increase
students’ skills in vocabulary after
the treatement.
Procedure
In a study,
the procedure is an important factor in determining
the direction of research. In this research, it will use
pre experiments research.
The
chart of one shot-case study as follows
|
X
|
O
|
|
(Treatment of independent variable)
|
(Observation
or measurement of dependent variable)
|
X: the
group will be given a stimulus
in the experiment and O: the incidence of measurement
or observation.
The
chart can be read that, there is a group that was treated, and then observed
the results.
There
are some steps that will be conduct, as follows:
a. First
step, researchers will conduct observations at SDN
43 Hulonthalangi, especially in
grade fourth. It is done to assess the
feasibility of the class and school support
facilities will be required.
In addition, this observation also to see the basic skills of students as a reference to make treatement.
Then, researcher will take a contact with the English teacher, as my first data
to prepare the treatement. It can be assessing students’ work or to observe the
suitable syllablus with the material that researcher will be give.
b. Second
step, researcher will give a treatement. In this treatment, researcher will use
the technique in teaching student by flashcards. Researcher will teach the
students for six meeting in four weeks, based on the materials (noun: (parts of
body, animal, things in the classrooms) and verb). In this case, reasercher
will taught each material in two meetings.
c. The
last step is post-test: After doing that treatment, researcher will give
post-test to students. It is to know
increasing of students in English vocabulary by using flashcards. The result of the post-test will be
collected and analyzed to be calculating appropriated by the scoring from the
classes, and it will be using by statistical analysis to measure and get the
result.
Data analysis
According to Sarwono (2006) Data
analysis in quantitative research
is deductive, empirical
test of theory used
and performed after
data collection is completed by means of statistics,
such as correlation t test, analysis of variance and covarian, factor analysis, and linear regression. In this case, researcher will use SPSS as a data
analysis. SPSS is (Statistical Package for the Social
Science). According to Putra (2012) SPSS is one of the most widely
used programs for statistical analysis of the social sciences. SPSS
is used by market
researchers, health researchers, survey
companies, government, education
researchers, marketing organizations, and so on. In this time SPSS is aim to asses the hypotesis or
called hypotesis test. Base on this term researcher attracted to take a
linearity test. Linearity test performed
is done by finding the equation of the regression line X independent variable on the dependent variable
Y. Based on the regression
line has been created, and then tested
the significance coefficient of the regression line and the linearitas. Test of linearity between independent variables
with the dependent variable X Y utilizing SPSS is
consist that the data entered into
the worksheet using the SPSS
variable names x and
y.
Validity
In
this case, validity serves to measure and determine whether the measurement
tools that will be used in accordance with the character of the study. For
example: whether a set of data ‘A’ will meet the criteria formulation of the
problem. Arikunto (2006) said that “validity is a measure that
indicates the levels of validity
or the validity of any instrument.” An
instrument said to be valid if able to
measure what they want and can
reveal the data from
the variables studied quickly.
In the study
researcher will try
the instrument at the target of
the study, when the data obtained
from these trials is as it should be, meaning that the instrument is
good. There are two kinds of validity that always used; they are external
validity, and internal validity. In this research, researcher will use internal
validity because the instrument is generating data according
to the study variables in
question as a whole. In the other word, an
instrument said possess external validity if
any part of the instrument support the "mission" of the instrument in question.
In
internal validity research will use to ways in assessing validity, they are
factor analysis and grain analysis. In factor analysis is begin by the
assumption that the instrument was valid if each factor had been valid. Factor
analysis can be done by correlating factor scores
and the total score. As follows:
a. correlation
factor 1 with factor 2
b. correlation
factor 1 with factor 3
c. correlation
factor 2 with factor 3
After
that, correlate again the total factor with the total score to seek validity.
Reliability
Reliability
in this study is intended to test the consistency, to test whether the data are
consistent with the research or not. In this research will be directed to
continue running in accordance with the actual data. In examine the consistency
there are internal
reliable and external variable that used to asses the reliability of our
instrument. Arikunto (2006) said that, “instruments that are believed,
which will reliably
produce reliable data as well.”
The reliability of this research that researcher would use is
external reliability in the form of single double test trial. Researchers using
this technique will only use one instrument in form of test and then tested on
partisipant, and then the results are recorded. After that, on another occasion
the same instrument given to partisipant of the same to be done again, and the
results recorded. Finally, both these results will be correlated.
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